ABSTRACT
RESUMEN El cáncer gástrico es una de las principales causas de muerte por neoplasias en el mundo. Las guías de prácticas clínicas actuales ofrecen modelos de tratamiento que involucran a la cirugía, radioterapia, quimioterapia, inmunoterapia y terapia dirigida a receptores de crecimiento específicos, sin embargo, los aspectos genéticos y de la biología molecular no siempre son tenidos en cuenta en la práctica médica. El objetivo de la presente revisión es articular los aspectos actuales más relevantes de la genética y la biología molecular en relación con el cáncer gástrico, para integrarlos en las guías clínicas de pacientes y familiares con el diagnóstico o con riesgo de padecer este tipo de neoplasia. Para ello se revisaron los avances genéticos y los síndromes relacionados con el cáncer gástrico, clasificaciones moleculares e implicaciones en su manejo. Se utilizaron las bases de datos Google Scholar, Elsevier y PubMed en los últimos 10 años, seleccionándose los de mayor importancia a texto completo desde el punto de vista cualitativo. La integración de antecedentes personales y familiares con elementos genéticos precisan ser tenidos en cuenta en el manejo, diagnóstico y prevención de esta enfermedad. Se sugiere la inclusión de elementos genéticos y moleculares en toda guía de práctica clínica.
ABSTRACT Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of death from neoplasms in the world. Current clinical practice guidelines offer treatment models that involve surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy and therapy directed at specific growth receptors, however, genetic and molecular biology aspects are not always taken into account in medical practice. The objective of this review is to articulate the most relevant current aspects of genetics and molecular biology in relation to gastric cancer, to integrate them into the clinical guidelines of patients and relatives with the diagnosis or at risk of suffering from this type of neoplasia. For them, genetic advances and syndromes related to gastric cancer, molecular classifications and implications in their management were reviewed. The databases Google Scholar, Elsevier, and PubMed were used in the last 10 years, selecting the most important full-text from a qualitative point of view. The integration of personal and family history with genetic elements needs to be taken into account in the diagnostic management and prevention of this disease. The inclusion of genetic and molecular elements in all clinical practice guidelines is suggested.
ABSTRACT
Antibiotic resistance is a major global concern and challenge in the 21st century. Enterobacteriaceae are one of the important pathogens of hospital-acquired infections. With the increasing use of antibiotics in clinical practice, a variety of drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, especially multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae have emerged, posing an increasingly serious threat to human health. Bacteria can acquire antibiotic resistance by mutation or horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes, and it is often possible to predict the corresponding resistance phenotype from known mechanism. However, recent findings suggest that genetic background and environmental factors could alter the expression of specific resistance genes and that a given genotype does not always generate the expected resistance phenotype. The genotype-phenotype segregation greatly hampers our ability to predict antibiotic resistance phenotype from a genetic perspective. In this review, we explore the genetic and environmental regulation of the expression of antibiotic resistance genes in a variety of Enterobacteriaceae, with the aim to provide scientific evidence for genetic prediction of antibiotic resistance phenotype and clinical guidance on drug use.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Bacteria , Cross Infection , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Enterobacteriaceae/geneticsABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the drug resistance phenotype and genetic background of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM)-producing bacterial strains in Lishui area of Zhejiang province.Methods The imipenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains were isolated from January 2012 to December 2016 in Lishui Municipal Central Hospital of Zhejiang Province.Mrieux Vitek 2 Compact system was used to identified strains and PCR was used to screen for blaNDMgene.Susceptibility was detected by K-B method and MICs were obtained by Vitek 2 with GN13 cards.Plasmids typing was carried out by DNA sequencing of the replication initiator with the transconjugates as templates.The blaNDMgenetic contexts were detected by PCR and complete genome sequencing.Results A total of 102 strains of carbapenem-resistant enterobacteria (CRE), mainly Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae, were isolated, of which 15 were positive for blaNDMwith a positive detection rate of 14.7%.The resistance rate to β-lactam antibiotics was 100%, and the resistance rates to aztreonam, compound sulfamethoxazole , tobramycin and gentamicin were all ＞80%;and the resistance rate to quinolones was ＞50%.Among the 15 NDM-producing strains , 12 strains were positive for Hodge test, and 2 strains of Enterobacter cloacae and 1 strain of Escherichia coli were negative. There were 11 strains of blaNDM-1and 4 strains of blaNDM-1.A variety of plasmid types such as IncX 3, IncFIIγ and IncA/C were detected, and 4 blaNDM-5genes were located in the IncX3 plasmid.Four blaNDMsurrounding gene structures were found, of which 8 blaNDM-1genes were located in ISAb125-hyp-blaNDM-1-bleMBL-TrpF-DsbC-IS26, while blaNDM-5was located in IS3000-IS5-blaNDM-5-bleMBL-TrpF-DsbC-IS26 structure, and the former was reported for the first time in China.Conclusion NDM-producing bacterial strains in Lishui area are prevalent at a low level and have high sensitivity to fosfomycin and polymyxin .The blaNDMgene may have multiple sources, but IncX3 plasmid is still the main source for gene transfer.Some new types of blaNDM-1 gene structure have been also found in this study.
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To evaluate the genetic background of triploid female and diploid male strains of Siraitia grosvenorii and provide the biological reference for good varieties breeding of seedless S. grosvenorii. Inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) marker was developed to analyze the genetic background among 28 samples of S. grosvenorii, and cluster analysis and double principal coordinate analysis were revealed by the NTSYS-pc software and GenAIEx software, respectively. Out of 100 ISSR primers selected, 13 primers were used for amplification and a total of 131 unambiguous bands were obtained, among which 99 (PPB = 75.57%) were polymorphic. The results of cluster analysis and double principal coordinate analysis showed that there was a certain rich of genetic background in triploid female and diploid male strains of S. grosvenorii. But the genetic similarity coefficients of majority were bigger and the genetic distance was closer. The complexity of the genetic background in triploid female and diploid male strains of S. grosvenorii is lower and germplasm innovation strategies should be carried out to enrich the genetic background of the parents of seedless S. grosvenorii.
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Type-1 (T1R) and Type-2 (T2R) leprosy reactions (LR), which affect up to 50% of leprosy patients, are aggressive inflammatory episodes of sudden onset and highly variable incidence across populations. LR are often diagnosed concurrently with leprosy, but more frequently occur several months after treatment onset. It is not uncommon for leprosy patients to develop recurring reactional episodes; however, they rarely undergo both types of LR. Today, LR are the main cause of permanent disabilities associated with leprosy and represent a major challenge in the clinical management of leprosy patients. Although progress has been made in understanding the immunopathology of LR, the factors that cause a leprosy patient to suffer from LR are largely unknown. Given the impact that ethnic background has on the risk of developing LR, host genetic factors have long been suspected of contributing to LR. Indeed, polymorphisms in seven genes [Toll-like receptors (TLR)1, TLR2, nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain containing 2, vitamin D receptor, natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1, C4B and interleukin-6] have been found to be associated with one or more LR outcomes. The identification of host genetic markers with predictive value for LR would have a major impact on nerve damage control in leprosy. In this review, we present the recent advances achieved through genetic studies of LR.
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Humans , Biomarkers , Leprosy , Leprosy/genetics , Leprosy/immunology , Leprosy/pathologyABSTRACT
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major pathogen that causes various diseases, including pneumonia and sepsis, as millions of people suffer from S. pneumoniae infection worldwide. To better understand the immune and inflammatory responses to S. pneumoniae, we produced murine models. To investigate the differences between intranasal and intratracheal infection, BALB/c mice were infected with S. pneumoniae D39 intranasally or intratracheally. Mice showed no significant differences in survival rates, body weight changes, and bacterial loads. To investigate resistance and susceptibility among mouse strains, BALB/c, C57BL/6J, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) knockout, and interleukin-10 (IL-10) knockout mice were infected with S. pneumoniae D39 via intranasal or intravenous routes. In this study, BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice were resistant, IL-10 knockout mice were intermediate, and TNF-alpha knokout mice were susceptible to S. pneumoniae infection. These data show that intranasal and intratracheal infection induced similar results after S. pneumoniae infection, and the genetic background of mice must be considered when studying S. pneumoniae infection in vivo.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Bacterial Load , Body Weight Changes , Interleukin-10 , Mice, Knockout , Pneumococcal Infections , Pneumonia , Sepsis , Streptococcus , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Survival Rate , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alphaABSTRACT
Alopecia areata(AA) is a common dermatologic disease, the origin of which is still unknown. At least, it has been associated with some genetic influences in the etiopathogenesis. We have now evaluated AA patients to study the actual association of the genetic role by fingerprint analysis. The incidences of six or more arches were determined in 74 female and 86 male patients excluding alopecia totalis and universalis, and in healthy 167 female controls, based on Selmanowitz's thesis (1974). The results of this study are follows: 1. The difference between the frequency in AA patients(7. 5%) and in controls (3.3%) reaches the statistical significance(p<0.05 by x2-test). 2. The association of genetic background in AA is strengthened in the group of female patients(p<0. 01), recurrent episode(p<0.01). and multiplex farm (p<0.01). 3. Twenty patients(12. 5%) have family history. The incidence in 3(15.0%) of these patients is considerably common but not statistically significant. A correlation of biologic relevance and family predisposition in AA is not precluded. 4. The frequency of arches in patients and in controls is increased on both second fingers and decreased on both fourth fingers. It is more common on both second and left third fingers in female patients. The incidence of arches averages about 6 67% in patients and 4. 58% in controls.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Alopecia Areata , Alopecia , Dermatoglyphics , Fingers , IncidenceABSTRACT
Five strains of mice (C57BL/6, BALB/c, ICR, KM and SMMC/B) were respectively orally immunized with CJ-S131 vaccine for 16 weeks, Autoantibodies against ss-DNA, ds-DNA, histones, extractable nuclear antigens (ENA)and thymocytes were detected by ELISA or CELIS(?)One or more kind (s) of autoantibody significantly raised in the serum of SMMC/B, KM, BALB/c and ICR mice, but not in C57BL/6 mice. The mean enzyme index (EI) of the autoantibodies of SMMC/B and KM mice was higher than that of ICR and BALB/c. The influence of the sex on the production of autoantibody induced by CJ-S131 vaccine seemed to be demonstrated on the basis of genetic background.It was characterized by (1) autoantibodies raising mainly in the female mice,e.g. in KM mice; (2) one kind of autoantibody or more raising in both male and female mice, as seen in SMMC/B and BALB/c mice; and (3) autoantibody no in male and female of C57BL/6 mice. The results revealed that the profile of autoimmune response induced by CJ-S131 vaccine was different in strains and sex of mice.